HAPLOGROUP STUDIES 2 ©

Edited by Robert Hedges VIIII

Haplogroups- National Geographic Genotype Project and what you can learn
  1. Molecular genetic evidence continues to accumulate that is consistent with a recent common african ancestor of all modern humans. Regional histories concerning successful migrations, colonizations, differentiations and diversifications is now being gathered.

  2. "A genetic perspective of human history in Europe was derived from 22 markers of the nonrecombining Y chromosome. Ten lineages (mutations) account for more than 95% of the 1007 European Y chromosomes studied, gathered in 25 different regions. The modern European gene pool can be attributed to two Paleolithic and one Neolithic migration episodes. "

  3. A constant population size of 4500 and a generation time of 27 years were assumed for an early study and likely applies continually.

  4. Each lineage or marker or mutation listed below is a single recorded step in diversity and dispersal of the hunter-gatherers and agriculturists as evolution progresses. DNA science is new, and estimated dates and places for various mutations are still "preliminary". In time, better estimates may be available.

  5. M94 - 100,000 years ago. This Adam may have resembled the Han people and probably lived in east Africa plains. Haplogroups B-R are descended from and include this lineage (mutation). Haplogroups "A" - "E" are african.

  6. "Humankind" had migrated into the Indus Valley of India in an extended era before a weather change brought desertification, and this "people" had evolved an advanced civilization not matched until much later. The language of "sanscrit" predates and effects descendant languages of both Greece and Rome.

  7. "Humankind" , whatever we call ourselves for that era, encountered a huge catrostopic event, possibly "volcanic winter", about 70,000 years ago, that killed off so many of the "humans" of the time that all remaining "humans" are very genetically similar. Whether "neanderthal" genes survive within the mtDNA of present-day "humans" is another question, but the surviving "humans" are much alike.

  8. M168 - 60,000 years ago. This Adam may have lived in the area of Abyssinia (Ethiopia), and from this mutation arise the Haplogroups C-R.

  9. M89 - 45,000 years ago. This Adam represents the second great migration out of Africa, and probably migrated to the area of Sumer (Babylon and Iraq today), and is the origin mutation (Super Haplogroup "F") from which Haplogroups "G"-"R" descend. Hg"F" spans the whole non-african gene pool. Agriculture developed in the "fertile crescent" (attributed to Hg "J"2 M172), and as farming spread, the Indo-European languages seem to have also spread.

  10. M170 - 20,000 years ago. This Adam settled in Parthia and Macedonia. This is basically around the Black Sea, now believed to be the location of the great flood as the glaciers melted and raised sea levels and formed the Bosporus as the Agean Sea broke through to the Black Sea, maybe 8,400 years ago.

    Hg I1 is defined by mutations (M170, M253, M307, P30, P40 and a whole string more, that you can find at: wikipedia, and many genetic discussion groups and sites.)

    M89 -> M170 = Hg I (with M258) accounts on average for 18% of total paternal lineage in Europe. It is virtually absent elsewhere, making it a strictly European Y chromosome. M170 seems to be 37% in a study of 16 Y chromosomes in Germany. Hg I is 38+% in a study of 194 Y chromosomes of Danes, 40+% in studies of 168 Swedes and 72 Norwgians. Hg I accounts for more than 33% of paternal lines in Scandinavian populations, and in the north-west Balkans. Slovinians and Macedonians are statistically significantly Hg I while their near neighbors the Italians and Greeks are not. Croations, Bosnians, and Herzegovians are Hg I descendants in many cases.
    Hg I occurs as 22% of the Ukrane and 11% in France, of which Hg I1 is 5%, with a relatively higher frequency in southern France.
    Hg I is 23.8% and Hg I1 is 11.9% ((near half) in Low Normandy. (Low refers to elevation, with mountains being high land.)
    SubHaplogroup I1 (with M307 or M253) is found mostly in northern Europe, with it's highest frequencies in Scandinavian populations, where it accounts for 88%-100% of Norwegian, Swedish, and Saami (Lapp reindeer herdsmen) Hg I (M170) lineages.
    SubHg I1b (P 37) is virtually absent in Scandinavia.
    One source says the mutations P19 and M170 which define haplogroup I, occurred about 5,950 years ago, with a standard deviation of 2,450 yrs. The secondary mutations should not be allowed to confuse you.
    A study in Iceland with it's inbred "scandia" population (and high proportion of slave genes - mostly female) resulted in: (lost paragraph)
    A control group of 222 Irish tested for five DYS values yielded only (2) matches to I1*.

  11. M89 -> M9 -> M45 -> M173 characterizes 50% of European Y chromosomes. The scenario which arises describes M173 as Aurignac (first modern human: leaving cave art in France and making stone tools) and cooexisting with Gravettian culture, maintaining an identity despite occasional contacts. mtDNA Hg H (female haplogroup) suggests females had more than occasional contact.

  13. DR. LAHN of China researching evolution has pinpointed two genes which he says are date specific. The "microcephalin" gene originated in one individual 37,000 years ago, and is found in 70% of the world's people. The "ASPM" gene originated in one individual 5800 years ago and is found in 30% of the world's people.

  14. "OBrien & Burnstein doing European research have isolated a gene named Delta 32 that spread 700 years ago, and seems to be the immunity to "black death" - the bubonic plague.

  15. The publication of Underhill 2007 and Karafet 2008 has brought major changes to the I tree. The redifinition of the I tree changed I1a into I1, and I1b into I2. If you read good source data from the early era you need to know the terms that existed then.
    This research moves so quickly I shall give you links to some better articles, and these will change as new data is examined. Four are:
    1. Four part series of I1a |
    2. WIKI WikiI1a |
    3. Descriptions of I |
    4. The latest I1* |

  16. There was a town in Iceland named Heggsstadir. The name may derive from the "bird cherry tree" . Hegg of Heggsstadir and his son Grim both died (900+ AD) after a conflict with the son of an exile from Norway. That exile's son later became a famed poet named Egil (Skalla-Grimsson - that means son of Wolf of the Evening). The name Hegg is also recorded as Heggur and Heggr of Torv in varied versions of the life of Egil. We know from these writings that Hegg was a name among "scandia" as early as 900 AD.

  17. The GEDCOM for the RH9 is located at YSearch |

    Movements of "humankind"" are presently mapped as follows

    The web sites FamilyTreeDNA and Y_ Search represent the groups doing the science that demands accuracy. The sixty-eight loci and the STRs that follows are my test results.

    393 = 12 390 = 22 19* = 14 391 = 10 385a = 13 385b = 14 426 = 11
    388 = 14 439 = 11 389-1 = 12 392 = 11 389-2 = 28 (16) 458 = 15 459a = 8
    459b = 9 455 = 8 454 = 11 447 = 23 437 = 16 448 = 19 449 = 28
    464a** = 12 464b** = 14 464c** = 15 464d** = 15 460 =11 GATAH4 =10 YCAIIa =19
    YCAIIb =21 4456 = 14 607 = 14 576 = 17 570 = 19 CDYa = 36 CDYb = 36
    442 = 12 438 = 10 531 = 11 578 = 8 395S1a =15 395S1b = 15 590 = 8
    537 = 11 641 = 10 472 = 8 406S1 = 9 511 = 9 425 = 12 413a = 22
    413b = 25 557 = 15 594 = 10 436 = 12 490 = 12 534 = 15 450 = 8
    444 = 13 481 = 25 520 = 20 446 = 15 617 = 13 568 = 11 487 = 11
    572 = 12 640 = 11 492 = 12 565 = 11 462 = 12 0 0

  18. The Saxon standard (old tree) was DYS 393=13. This is called I1aAS, which has five small varieties.
    The Saxon standard has DYS 390=22 while the Dane standard has DYS 390=23. Dane is known as I1aN
    Thus this subclade differs by one from Saxon and two from Dane. Additional DYS values will clarify further. DYS 455__8 will be I1a, while DYS 455__11 will be I1b or I1c.

  19. I need for several traced male Hedges descendants to join the National Geographic Genotype Study. The National Geographic test is a basic twelve, and the same sample is stored for you and can be used to determine as many as 67 DYS values. We can establish the haplotypes of the early generations, and settle once and for all that "worthies" of yesteryear are genetically linked to us.

  20. The original source articles upon which this page is primarity based include: Hum. Genet. (2004) 114:127-148 ; Ann. Hum. Genet. (2001) 65: 43-62. ; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74: 1023-1034, 2004 ; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75: 128-137, 2004 ; Science V. 290, 10 Nov 2000 ; Am. J. Hum. Genet 67:697-717, 2000; Current Biology, Vol. 13, 979-984, May 27, 2003;

Go to The Hedges History
Go to Hedges Research 1, Research 2, Research 3, Research 4, Research 5 , Research 6 , Research 7, Research 8, Research 9, Research 13, Research 10, - in England. and Haplogroups, Research 11, Research 12
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Last modified: Nov 2009